The INTERSECTION Operators The INTERSECTION operation on table or relation A and B can be described as relation A INTERSECTION relation B designated as A ∩ B. In other words the rows or tuples which are common as well as belonging to both the tables or relations A and B only those rows or tuples are incorporated in the result...

RELATIONAL ALGEBRA in Database Management System The relational algebra operators are mathematical functions which are castoff to recover queries by means of explaining a particular sequence of procedures on relations or tables and sometimes on even databases schema. With the help of relational algebra operators, each and every query is always created by a number of relational algebra operators, which...

B+ Tree Index Files Any B+ tree is the n-ary tree structure with a variable however over and over again large number of children per node used to be present. A B+ tree is consisting of a root, internal nodes as well as leaves. The root might be one or the other leaf node with two (2) or more (N)...

DATA MODELS The hidden structure of any database is known as the data model. To represent the idea of a data model, two data models in this part were discussed: the entity – relationship model as well as the relational model. Both the models give a method for describing the databases at the logical level. RELATIONAL MODEL The relational model...

Specialization The entity set might comprise of subgroups of entities which are discrete in some way from additional entities in the set. For an example, a subset of entities within an entity set might have columns or attributes which are not shared by each and every entities in the entity set. The Entity Relationship (ER) model offers a way out...

Mapping Cardinalities The cardinalities is the number of entities to which any other entity can be linked through any relation set is known as mapping cardinalities, or cardinality ratios. Mapping cardinalities are mostly valuable in defining the binary relationship sets, even though they can subsidize to the definition of relationship sets which involves more than two (2) entity sets. o...

Relational Databases In relational databases, the association among data files is relational. Hierarchical as well as network databases need the end user to pass a hierarchy in sequence to access the desirable data. These databases link to the data in dissimilar files by means of making use of shared data numbers or any key field. Data in relational databases is...

Categories of Database System (DBMS) A few criteria are regularly used to arrange Database Management Systems (DBMSs). The first is the data model on which the Database Management Systems (DBMS) is based. The primary data model utilized in numerous present commercial Database Management Systems (DBMSs) are relational data model. The object data model was actualized in some business frameworks however...

Database Management System (DBMS) Architecture The three (3) significant features of the database approach are: (1) Insulation of programs as well as information program data in addition to program operation independence. (2) Assistance of multiple user views; and (3) Usage of a catalog to keep the database description (schema). In this part the architecture for database systems is described, known...

Database User Interface and Database End User There are four (4) unique kinds of database – framework clients, separated by the manner in which they hope to communicate with the framework. Various kinds of user interfaces have been intended for the distinctive kinds of clients. 1. Naive clients are unsophisticated clients who cooperate with the framework by invoking one of...